Double plasticPlastic - what is it and what are its characteristics?Plastic is a product that can not decompose. Molded plastic products can take different shapes in some process or processes of pottery. Modern
plastics (or CO) have several interesting features, balance of power
and weight, Zifa better withstand heat, electrical insulating materials,
unaffected by acids to mention just a few features. These CO are produced in a series of repeating units (units) Popularly known as monomers. Naviwango polymer structure and identifies its characteristics. There
Linea CO (the structure of the soft one), branched CO (which have a
straddle) is a thermoplastic that is, are placed in warm fleshy. Cross-Linked
CO (which have two or more chains united side by side) are
thermosetting, meaning that, they are placed in hard to heat.
The structure of the soft one
that contain branching
chains that contain two or more united side by side
Figure 1: Structures of polymer Thermopastics creates 80 percent of plastics produced today. Examples of thermoplastics include: • High DENSITY Polythene (HDPE) which is used to make water pipes, fuel tanks, bottles, models and children's toys such as dolls. • LOW DENSITY Polythene (LDPE) which is used to make plastic bags and other flexible plastic container. • Polyethylene TEREPHTHALATE (PET) which is used to make bottles, carpets and equipment to load foods; • polypropylene (PP) tubes in a container of food, yarn battery, crates of soda bottles and spare parts for vehicles. • Polystyrene (PS) that are used on containers of dairy products, tape cassettes, cups and plates; • Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is tumuka forming skeletons window, cassette radio, cups and plates, insulating cables electricity, bank cards pharmaceutical packing equipment. There are hundreds of types of thermoplastic polymer, a new type zinabuniwa.Katika still developing countries, there are different types of plastic used, however this rate is not very high.
Practical Action, The Schumacher Centre for Technology and Development, Bourton on Dunsmore, Rugby, Warwickshire, CV23 9QZ, UK T +44 (0) 1926 634 400 | F +44 (0) 1926 634 401 | E infoserv@practicalaction.org.uk | W www.practicalaction.org ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Practical Action is a registered charity and company limited by guarantee. Company Reg. No. 871954, England | Reg. Charity No.247257 | VAT No. 880 9924 76 | Patron HRH The Prince of Wales, KG, KT, GCB
Photocopying Plastics
Thermosets are 20 percent of plastic produced. Hufanywa difficult that can not be melted again or re-molded and therefore are very difficult to use again. Sometimes be crumbled to atoms and used to fill the background. These include: polyurethane (PU)-which makes products such as pillows bedding and automobile seats, epoxy - sports equipment, electrical equipment and vehicles; phenolics - refrigeration, handles of spoons and pans, spare parts for cars (The World Resource Foundation). Nowadays, plastic raw material comes very petrochemicals, plastics although originally came from cellulose (cellulose), a basic ingredient in living plants. Why kudurufisha plastic? In western countries, the use of plastics has increased dramatically in the past two or three decades. In the category of European and American continents, the limited resources of oil are used to make different kinds of plastic in bulk. Many products containing plastics can last for a period of less than one year before kutupwa.Mara many, these plastic cast after use. Plastic possession again these are expensive operations. In the industrial sector (manufacturing of automobiles, for example) there is a great need in double plastic for economic and environmental reasons, while many companies zikianzisha technologies and strategies to replicate the plastic. Plastic not only due to aslimali itengenezwi that can not kutengenezeka again, but often does not decay (or processes tend to slow its decay). This means that plastic garbage is kind of rubbish in landfill sites and lasting inakotupwa place for many years without decay. • • • • More than 20,000 plastic bottles are needed to get a ton of plastic It is estimated that 100 million tons are produced every year. On average, European citizens are given 36kg of plastic each year. 4% of European yatumikayo oil is used in the manufacture of plastic products. Some plastic bags are made from 64% plastic iliyorudufiwa. Plastic packaging products to contribute 42% of the use of plastic and are very small amounts of these plastics that be doubled
•
•
Although there is also growth in the use of plastics in developing countries, the rate of plastic consumption in developing countries is very low When the what in the developed world. However these plastics are made from expensive raw materials imported from abroad. There is wide scope and because the plastic double in developing countries for several reasons: • The cost of employees is low. • In many countries, there is a tradition for repeatedly using the product or photocopying, which is linked to the process of collection, separation, purification and utilization of waste or products zilizokwisha used. • There are often 'informal sector' which basically fits in dealing with such urudufu.Fursa in bringing revenue is used kuwanufaidi poor people in urban areas. • There are a few rules to regulate product standards zilizorudufiwa. (This is not to say that these standards could be lower - the user of the product would always want a certain level of quality). • The cost of transportation is often lower, with carts and oxen used inayokokotwa. • Lower cost of raw materials provides a competitive advantage against the world of manufacturing. • Use creativity of man-made machine makes low cost of manufacture of the product.
2
Photocopying Plastics
In developing countries, the scope of double plastic plastic yanapanuka with applicable rate continues to rise.
Plastic to replicate
Not all types of plastic that can kurudufiwa.Kuna 4 types of plastics that can be doubled: • Polyethene (PE)-high-and low DENSITY DENSITY Polythene. • polypropylene (PP). • Polystyrene (PS). • Polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Litokanalo common problem with double plastic is that plastic is made with more than one polymer or there may be other links to vinavyoongezwa for reinforcing plastics. This condition can make activities difficult double.
Sources of plastic garbage
Industrial waste can be obtained from the manufacture of large quantities of plastics and packaging industries. Waste derived from manufacturing it has a good reputation to be doubled and cleaned. Although the rate is a bit rubbish, so rates continue to increase due to increased consumption and thus manufacture increases. Industrial waste is coming from the garage, shops including general stores. Many plastics are derived from these sources is polyethylene (PE), which is dirty.
Figure 2: Combination of plastic garbage before duplicated. Photo by Practical Action / Zul Other Junk plastic can be found in fields and nursery in urban areas. These are a pack (plastic or paper) or construction equipment (balls irrigation). Urban municipal waste can be collected from people's homes (takatataka home), traffic, garbage collection centers or areas where garbage is thrown full. In cities across Asia, this kind of garbage is available to and may be collected from the streets or homeless people to make plans with people. (Lardinois 1995).
3
Photocopying Plastics
Identification of different types of plastics.There are various simple experiments that can be used to distinguish between normal type CO in order to be separated for the purposes of the preparation. Attempt to water. After adding a few drops of soap for a certain amount of water they take a small piece of plastic to see if kitaelea. Attempt to burn. Hold a piece of plastic in four irrigation schemes or shovel or knife and then put it on fire. Is plastic So, inachomeka? If inachomeka, fire ri what color? Attempt to hand fingernail. Have plastic samples may kukwaruzwa to hand fingernail. AttemptBurn Water
PEFloats Hot blue flame of yellow ones Dissolves and drops fall like a candle
PPFloats Combustion yellow with blue stem the fall out.
PSHuzama yellow, black fire
PVC *Huzama yellow smoke
Nusa after burn
as a candle does not force winning PE
Sweet
Kwaruzika
Yes
No
No
A fire burns Haiendelei removed SODIUM HYDROXIDE No
* To prove PVC, touch and sample the hot piece of copper wire and then hold the wire in green moto.Moto due to the presence of chlorine in the sample is proof that it is PVC. To determine that the plastic is a type of thermoplastic or thermoset, take a piece of wire and kukiwekelea to the scene of the fire and kuifinyilia jekundo plastic hiyo.Iwapo on the wire you are through, then it is thermoplastic, if not upenyi, then it kind of thermoset. A system of secret United States also has been established to help identify the type of plastic. The system is based on the 'Recycle Triangle' which has a series of numbers and letters to help in diagnosis. More information is available from the Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe (APME). See Section address key at the end of this article.
CollectionYou consider about setting up a double to the Doro project, it is necessary first to investigate to make sure what kind of plastic tubes that can be collected, the type of plastic used by product developers (who will agree to buy products zilizorudufiwa), and the possibility of improved economic project. Methods of collection may be following collection The strategies provide tips: • Collection of plastic and other products (eg paper) from house to house. • Collection of platiki isolated from house to house (but all types of polymer). • Collection of house to house of only certain types of garbage. • Collection of waste from a facility such as market or church. • Collection from street kid to be paid. • Collection constant from the shops, hotels, factories etc. • Buy from machokoraa and gatherers in the garbage landfill sites. • Collect yourself.
4
Photocopying Plastics
Collection method will depend on the level of your project, the existing capital to start the project, methods of transport and so on. Duplicate of plastic trash - processes and technology for small projects. • cleaned and placed in makundi.Ujuzi will be used will depend on the size of the project and the type of trash collected., But in the very first level will involve cleaning the plastic by hand and set aside the plastic group. Cleaning machines and sun-drying can be used in projects of a variety of plastic mikubwa.Utenganishaji group can be either in a group of polymer (thermoset or thermoplastic, for example), depending on the type of products (glass, paper, plastic, etc.), color and so on.
The first step to improvement. Once plastics have already collected, will be needed
Image 3: Collection of Junk @ World Resource Foundation
The structure of the soft one
that contain branching
chains that contain two or more united side by side
Figure 1: Structures of polymer Thermopastics creates 80 percent of plastics produced today. Examples of thermoplastics include: • High DENSITY Polythene (HDPE) which is used to make water pipes, fuel tanks, bottles, models and children's toys such as dolls. • LOW DENSITY Polythene (LDPE) which is used to make plastic bags and other flexible plastic container. • Polyethylene TEREPHTHALATE (PET) which is used to make bottles, carpets and equipment to load foods; • polypropylene (PP) tubes in a container of food, yarn battery, crates of soda bottles and spare parts for vehicles. • Polystyrene (PS) that are used on containers of dairy products, tape cassettes, cups and plates; • Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is tumuka forming skeletons window, cassette radio, cups and plates, insulating cables electricity, bank cards pharmaceutical packing equipment. There are hundreds of types of thermoplastic polymer, a new type zinabuniwa.Katika still developing countries, there are different types of plastic used, however this rate is not very high.
Practical Action, The Schumacher Centre for Technology and Development, Bourton on Dunsmore, Rugby, Warwickshire, CV23 9QZ, UK T +44 (0) 1926 634 400 | F +44 (0) 1926 634 401 | E infoserv@practicalaction.org.uk | W www.practicalaction.org ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Practical Action is a registered charity and company limited by guarantee. Company Reg. No. 871954, England | Reg. Charity No.247257 | VAT No. 880 9924 76 | Patron HRH The Prince of Wales, KG, KT, GCB
Photocopying Plastics
Thermosets are 20 percent of plastic produced. Hufanywa difficult that can not be melted again or re-molded and therefore are very difficult to use again. Sometimes be crumbled to atoms and used to fill the background. These include: polyurethane (PU)-which makes products such as pillows bedding and automobile seats, epoxy - sports equipment, electrical equipment and vehicles; phenolics - refrigeration, handles of spoons and pans, spare parts for cars (The World Resource Foundation). Nowadays, plastic raw material comes very petrochemicals, plastics although originally came from cellulose (cellulose), a basic ingredient in living plants. Why kudurufisha plastic? In western countries, the use of plastics has increased dramatically in the past two or three decades. In the category of European and American continents, the limited resources of oil are used to make different kinds of plastic in bulk. Many products containing plastics can last for a period of less than one year before kutupwa.Mara many, these plastic cast after use. Plastic possession again these are expensive operations. In the industrial sector (manufacturing of automobiles, for example) there is a great need in double plastic for economic and environmental reasons, while many companies zikianzisha technologies and strategies to replicate the plastic. Plastic not only due to aslimali itengenezwi that can not kutengenezeka again, but often does not decay (or processes tend to slow its decay). This means that plastic garbage is kind of rubbish in landfill sites and lasting inakotupwa place for many years without decay. • • • • More than 20,000 plastic bottles are needed to get a ton of plastic It is estimated that 100 million tons are produced every year. On average, European citizens are given 36kg of plastic each year. 4% of European yatumikayo oil is used in the manufacture of plastic products. Some plastic bags are made from 64% plastic iliyorudufiwa. Plastic packaging products to contribute 42% of the use of plastic and are very small amounts of these plastics that be doubled
•
•
Although there is also growth in the use of plastics in developing countries, the rate of plastic consumption in developing countries is very low When the what in the developed world. However these plastics are made from expensive raw materials imported from abroad. There is wide scope and because the plastic double in developing countries for several reasons: • The cost of employees is low. • In many countries, there is a tradition for repeatedly using the product or photocopying, which is linked to the process of collection, separation, purification and utilization of waste or products zilizokwisha used. • There are often 'informal sector' which basically fits in dealing with such urudufu.Fursa in bringing revenue is used kuwanufaidi poor people in urban areas. • There are a few rules to regulate product standards zilizorudufiwa. (This is not to say that these standards could be lower - the user of the product would always want a certain level of quality). • The cost of transportation is often lower, with carts and oxen used inayokokotwa. • Lower cost of raw materials provides a competitive advantage against the world of manufacturing. • Use creativity of man-made machine makes low cost of manufacture of the product.
2
Photocopying Plastics
In developing countries, the scope of double plastic plastic yanapanuka with applicable rate continues to rise.
Plastic to replicate
Not all types of plastic that can kurudufiwa.Kuna 4 types of plastics that can be doubled: • Polyethene (PE)-high-and low DENSITY DENSITY Polythene. • polypropylene (PP). • Polystyrene (PS). • Polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Litokanalo common problem with double plastic is that plastic is made with more than one polymer or there may be other links to vinavyoongezwa for reinforcing plastics. This condition can make activities difficult double.
Sources of plastic garbage
Industrial waste can be obtained from the manufacture of large quantities of plastics and packaging industries. Waste derived from manufacturing it has a good reputation to be doubled and cleaned. Although the rate is a bit rubbish, so rates continue to increase due to increased consumption and thus manufacture increases. Industrial waste is coming from the garage, shops including general stores. Many plastics are derived from these sources is polyethylene (PE), which is dirty.
Figure 2: Combination of plastic garbage before duplicated. Photo by Practical Action / Zul Other Junk plastic can be found in fields and nursery in urban areas. These are a pack (plastic or paper) or construction equipment (balls irrigation). Urban municipal waste can be collected from people's homes (takatataka home), traffic, garbage collection centers or areas where garbage is thrown full. In cities across Asia, this kind of garbage is available to and may be collected from the streets or homeless people to make plans with people. (Lardinois 1995).
3
Photocopying Plastics
Identification of different types of plastics.There are various simple experiments that can be used to distinguish between normal type CO in order to be separated for the purposes of the preparation. Attempt to water. After adding a few drops of soap for a certain amount of water they take a small piece of plastic to see if kitaelea. Attempt to burn. Hold a piece of plastic in four irrigation schemes or shovel or knife and then put it on fire. Is plastic So, inachomeka? If inachomeka, fire ri what color? Attempt to hand fingernail. Have plastic samples may kukwaruzwa to hand fingernail. AttemptBurn Water
PEFloats Hot blue flame of yellow ones Dissolves and drops fall like a candle
PPFloats Combustion yellow with blue stem the fall out.
PSHuzama yellow, black fire
PVC *Huzama yellow smoke
Nusa after burn
as a candle does not force winning PE
Sweet
Kwaruzika
Yes
No
No
A fire burns Haiendelei removed SODIUM HYDROXIDE No
* To prove PVC, touch and sample the hot piece of copper wire and then hold the wire in green moto.Moto due to the presence of chlorine in the sample is proof that it is PVC. To determine that the plastic is a type of thermoplastic or thermoset, take a piece of wire and kukiwekelea to the scene of the fire and kuifinyilia jekundo plastic hiyo.Iwapo on the wire you are through, then it is thermoplastic, if not upenyi, then it kind of thermoset. A system of secret United States also has been established to help identify the type of plastic. The system is based on the 'Recycle Triangle' which has a series of numbers and letters to help in diagnosis. More information is available from the Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe (APME). See Section address key at the end of this article.
CollectionYou consider about setting up a double to the Doro project, it is necessary first to investigate to make sure what kind of plastic tubes that can be collected, the type of plastic used by product developers (who will agree to buy products zilizorudufiwa), and the possibility of improved economic project. Methods of collection may be following collection The strategies provide tips: • Collection of plastic and other products (eg paper) from house to house. • Collection of platiki isolated from house to house (but all types of polymer). • Collection of house to house of only certain types of garbage. • Collection of waste from a facility such as market or church. • Collection from street kid to be paid. • Collection constant from the shops, hotels, factories etc. • Buy from machokoraa and gatherers in the garbage landfill sites. • Collect yourself.
4
Photocopying Plastics
Collection method will depend on the level of your project, the existing capital to start the project, methods of transport and so on. Duplicate of plastic trash - processes and technology for small projects. • cleaned and placed in makundi.Ujuzi will be used will depend on the size of the project and the type of trash collected., But in the very first level will involve cleaning the plastic by hand and set aside the plastic group. Cleaning machines and sun-drying can be used in projects of a variety of plastic mikubwa.Utenganishaji group can be either in a group of polymer (thermoset or thermoplastic, for example), depending on the type of products (glass, paper, plastic, etc.), color and so on.
The first step to improvement. Once plastics have already collected, will be needed
Image 3: Collection of Junk @ World Resource Foundation
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